{"id":8238,"date":"2025-11-20T10:18:59","date_gmt":"2025-11-20T15:18:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dahlman.online\/?p=8238"},"modified":"2025-11-20T10:30:34","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T15:30:34","slug":"a-grand-jury","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dahlman.online\/index.php\/2025\/11\/20\/a-grand-jury\/","title":{"rendered":"A Grand Jury"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>Amendment V \u2013 United States Constitution<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Taking the Fifth (and Sixth)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Americans usually have a pretty good idea about their rights in the criminal process.&nbsp;&nbsp;Embedded in our media, in every \u201ccop show\u201d, we hear the almost medieval chant:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cYou have the right to remain silent, if you give up the right to remain silent, anything you say can be used against you in a Court of law.&nbsp;&nbsp;You have the right to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during questioning.&nbsp;&nbsp;If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you by the Court. You have the right to have questioning end at any time.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We call them the \u201cMiranda Rights\u201d, after the Supreme Court case&nbsp;<em>Miranda v Arizona<\/em>&nbsp;that required the explicit reading upon arrest or identification as a criminal suspect.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And even grade school students know the phrase, \u201cI\u2019ll take the Fifth\u201d, the right to not testify against yourself, guaranteed in the Constitution.&nbsp;&nbsp;As a high school Dean of Students dealing with discipline, I often got that \u201cteachable moment\u201d to explain when the Fifth might apply to high school students, and when it didn\u2019t.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Government Teacher in me came out, even if the kid on the other side of the desk&nbsp;&nbsp;just wished I\u2019d write the suspension papers and be done with it!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grand Jury<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Just as important in the Fifth Amendment is a procedure called the \u201cGrand Jury\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Founding Fathers, only a few years past the American Revolution, worried about the power of the Government over \u201cregular\u201d citizens.&nbsp;&nbsp;They looked to English Common Law that gave those citizens two separate opportunities to check the Government.&nbsp;&nbsp;One is familiar to most:&nbsp;&nbsp;a trial by jury.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Every person accused of a crime has the right to a trial, where a jury \u201cof their peers\u201d determines guilt \u201cbeyond a reasonable doubt\u201d by unanimous vote.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the authors knew that forcing folks to stand trial was an arduous and expensive process.  Even if the accused was found \u201cnot guilty\u201d it still altered their lives.&nbsp;&nbsp;So they placed a second standard, where \u201cregular citizens\u201d determine if there is even enough evidence to bring a case to trial.&nbsp;&nbsp;That second Jury is called the \u201cGrand Jury\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;They hear just the government\u2019s side of a criminal case.&nbsp;&nbsp;If, after that evidence is presented, this jury determines that it is \u201cmore likely\u201d that the crime was committed by the accused than not, then an indictment is issued.&nbsp;&nbsp;That formally charges the accused and brings them to trial.&nbsp;&nbsp;If the jury decides that the government doesn\u2019t reach that low bar of \u201cmore likely\u201d, then the jury votes a \u201cNo Bill\u201d, meaning that the charges are dropped.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ham Sandwich<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a legal \u201cjoke\u201d that says, \u201c(A) grand jury could indict a ham sandwich\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;It recognizes that the prosecutor controls all of the information that the Grand Jurors hear.&nbsp;&nbsp;Any \u201cgood\u201d prosecutor should be able to present that evidence, without contradiction, to convince the jurors to bring an indictment.&nbsp;&nbsp;Grand juries don\u2019t even have to be unanimous. Federal grand juries require twelve of sixteen jurors to agree.&nbsp;&nbsp;Here in Ohio it\u2019s seven out of nine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike trial juries, Grand juries can ask witnesses questions, and can even get more information&nbsp;&nbsp;by issuing subpoenas requiring folks to appear before them.&nbsp;&nbsp;But, like trial juries, in the end a grand jury deliberates in secret, away from prosecutors and court recorders.&nbsp;&nbsp;They decide through private discussion and vote whether the \u201cmore likely than not\u201d standard leads to indictment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I have the privilege of serving on the Grand Jury here in Licking County.&nbsp;&nbsp;Every person accused of a felony must have their \u201ccase\u201d heard by \u201cus\u201d first.&nbsp;&nbsp;Unlike a regular jury, we serve for three months, once a week, to hear all of the felony charges.&nbsp;&nbsp;If you read about a criminal arrest in the local paper on Friday, the Grand Jury is likely to hear those charges next week.&nbsp;&nbsp;If the charges are \u201cdropped\u201d, then the accused is released from jail.&nbsp;&nbsp; But if the Grand Jury indicts, then the process to trial continues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Due Process<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In every case, the prosecutor brings witnesses.&nbsp;&nbsp;They lay out the evidence and convince the jurors \u201cmore likely than not\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;Often it\u2019s the arresting officers, and the victims of crime who testify.&nbsp;&nbsp;It\u2019s an eye-opening experience for jurors.&nbsp;&nbsp;I can now identify the difference between meth, crack, coke and fentanyl, and even how much is for \u201cpersonal use\u201d or is \u201cbulk for sale\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unlike a jury trial where the proceedings are public, the Grand Jury is secret.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The idea is simple.&nbsp;&nbsp;Someone\u2019s reputation should be protected from accusation, until at least the \u201cmore likely than not\u201d standard is applied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The \u201cpaperwork\u201d is seemingly endless.&nbsp;&nbsp;Each allegation is defined by the Ohio Revised Code, and the evidence needs to point directly towards that law.&nbsp;&nbsp;There is a significant different between assault, assault with a deadly weapon, assault with a vehicle, or specific forms of assault, like strangulation.&nbsp;&nbsp;All of this is carefully defined in law, and the application is determined by the Jury.&nbsp;&nbsp;It\u2019s all a matter of \u201cdue process\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;The process must be fair to the accused and guarantee that their rights are protected, even though there is no \u201cdefense\u201d presented to the Grand Jury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And while the vast majority of cases (we hear a dozen or more each week) are indicted, unanimously, there are some where jurors just aren\u2019t convinced.&nbsp;&nbsp;There is the occasional \u201cno bill&#8221;. Sometimes prosecutors just don\u2019t meet their burden of evidence, or witnesses are so contradictory that it just doesn\u2019t \u201cmake sense\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And after our session, every indictment is \u201ccrossed checked\u201d against the law.&nbsp;&nbsp;Every signature (and there\u2019s plenty) is triple checked.&nbsp;&nbsp;Every change to a possible indictment is confirmed.&nbsp;&nbsp;And finally, the week\u2019s efforts are reported out to the Common Pleas Court.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jim Comey&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Former FBI Director Jim Comey recently was indicted for lying to Congress.&nbsp;&nbsp;There is a lot of controversy about that charge.&nbsp;&nbsp;Was what he said over different Congressional testimonies contradictory?&nbsp;&nbsp;Was the contradiction intentional?&nbsp;&nbsp;From what we can gather, the Federal Grand Jury originally issued a \u201cNo Bill\u201d, then, was presented more information and indicted Comey on two of three possible counts.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But yesterday, a government attorney admitted in Court that the indictment they presented was never actually heard by the Grand Jury.&nbsp;&nbsp;The \u201cpaperwork\u201d was revised after the Grand Jury hearing.  And the signatures on it, including the jury \u201cforeman\u201d,&nbsp;&nbsp;did not represent what they actually decided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In essence, the government lied about what the Grand Jury said.&nbsp;&nbsp;And that lie has a single government signature on it:&nbsp;&nbsp;the newly appointed US Attorney Lindsey Halligan, in her first Federal indictment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Soup Sandwich<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Grand juries hear a lot of cases, in secret.&nbsp;&nbsp;In Licking County, the notes we take about each case are destroyed as soon as we vote.&nbsp;&nbsp;But the memories of how we decided aren\u2019t.&nbsp;&nbsp;It would be clear to us, and surely is to the Federal Grand Jury in Virginia, if a decision was altered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Fifth Amendment is clear, the Grand Jury must decide between a ham sandwich and a soup sandwich.&nbsp;&nbsp;And if the Prosecutor ignores their decision, the Court has a clear remedy.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Comey indictment must be thrown out, with \u201cprejudice\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;The charges in this set of facts must be forever dropped.&nbsp;&nbsp;It\u2019s the only way to make the message clear.&nbsp;Upholding the US Constitution is more important, even than the desire of Donald Trump to get \u201crevenge\u201d on Jim Comey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Amendment V \u2013 United States Constitution No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury\u2026 Taking the Fifth (and Sixth) Americans usually have a pretty good idea about their rights in the criminal process.&nbsp;&nbsp;Embedded in our media, in every \u201ccop &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/dahlman.online\/index.php\/2025\/11\/20\/a-grand-jury\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;A Grand Jury&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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