{"id":7786,"date":"2025-04-03T15:20:07","date_gmt":"2025-04-03T19:20:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dahlman.online\/?p=7786"},"modified":"2025-04-09T10:02:16","modified_gmt":"2025-04-09T14:02:16","slug":"class-notes-4-3-25","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dahlman.online\/index.php\/2025\/04\/03\/class-notes-4-3-25\/","title":{"rendered":"Class Notes 4\/13\/25"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where our government came from.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Declaration of Independence<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">We all know \u2013 Jefferson\u2019s \u201cself-evident truths\u201d \u2013 life, liberty, pursuit of happiness (happiness included property and work)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">John Locke&nbsp;&nbsp;(late 1600\u2019s)-&nbsp;\u201call mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Adam Smith \u2013 (contemporary of Jefferson) \u2013 liberty includes the right to choose how to work and to own property<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Where Jefferson took those \u201ctruths\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, &#8211;That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">What we remember less is the \u201cgrievances\u201d of Jefferson against the King, and more globally, against the Government of Britain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Refused assent to laws necessary for public good<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Forbidden Governors to pass laws&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Refused to pass laws unless Americans give up their right of Representation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Made legislatures go far from their capitals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Dissolved local legislatures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Refused to allow local elections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Obstructed laws of naturalization *<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Obstructed the Courts from administering justice *<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Made Justices totally dependent on him<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Erected a \u201cmultitude of offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out of their substance\u201d * (DOGE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Kept standing armies in time of peace * (ICE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Made the military independent of civil power (ICE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Quartered troops<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Protected troops from local justice (Boston Massacre)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Restricted trade *&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Imposed taxes without consent (NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION) * Tariffs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Deprived us of trial by jury * ICE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Taken away the free system of English Laws \u2013 (martial law)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">*If some of those sound familiar \u2013 they should<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">American Revolution was a war against a \u201cstrong executive\u201d \u2013 the King.&nbsp;&nbsp;And it was a war for economic independence \u2013 for greater trade and land expansion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">The \u201cUnited States\u201d government was established under the Articles of Confederation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Weak (the \u201copposite of the King)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">The thirteen colonies &#8211; \u201cnow\u201d states &#8211; had greater power \u2013 especially over taxation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">The central government had lesser powers \u2013&nbsp;could not raise own funds<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Required nine of 13 to pass a resolution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">There was no chief executive \u2013 just the \u201cPresident of the Congress\u201d but not a true executive (the Revolution was run by \u201ccommittee\u201d \u2013 the whole Continental Congress)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Delegated strategic and tactical command to G. Washington<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">The Articles were in effect from 1781 \u2013 1787&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">It was clear that the differences among the states could not be resolved and that the US was too weak to survive \u2013 prosper&nbsp;&nbsp;(protection of the borders without a standing army \u2013 both from Native Americans and from British, Spanish Expansion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Not Surprising that the \u201cFounding Fathers\u201d determined to have a \u201cdo-over.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">So they spent the long-hot Summer of 1787 meeting in secret in Philadelphia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">They were \u201cextra-legal\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;No one from the Congress authorized them to write a new document<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">How secret?&nbsp;&nbsp;They nailed the windows shut so no one could eavesdrop on the discussions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Who was there:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">George Washington &#8211; President<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">James Madison&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Virginia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Alexander Hamilton \u2013 New York<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">John Jay&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; New York<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Benjamin Franklin \u2013 Pennsylvania (81 years old)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">What did they come up with: the politics of Constitutionalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The Great Compromise (big state v small state)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">The 3\/5\u2019s Compromise&nbsp;&nbsp;(non-slave dependent state v slave dependent state)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Electoral College Compromise&nbsp;&nbsp;(direct democracy versus representative democracy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Slave Importation Compromise (north v south)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">The Ratification Compromise (the Bill of Rights) (Trust or Trust but verify)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">A three part sovereignty&nbsp;(power of the state) \u2013&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">limited Federal power,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">limited State power,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">unlimited citizen power<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">A three part government structure&nbsp;\u2013 Legislative, Executive, Judicial (at all levels)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Legislature writes the law&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Executive \u201cexecutes\u201d the law&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Court determines how law is applied (and ultimately what is Constitutional)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">A commitment to a \u201cDemocratic Republic\u201d \u2013 popular election of \u00bd of the Legislative body<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">A commitment to a \u201cgap\u201d between the \u201cpeople\u201d (the \u201cmob\u201d) and parts of the government<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">State Legislatures (popularly elected) chose Senators<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Electors chosen by legislatures chose the President&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">A division of power in the levels of government<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Legislative \u2013 had the \u201cprimary power\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;established the laws regarding:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Taxes, Money and Debt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Laying and collecting taxes (duties, imposts, excises)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Pay government debts (provide for common defense and general welfare)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">All taxes must be \u201cfairly\u201d shared throughout the US<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Borrow Money<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Commerce and Trade<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with the Indian tribes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Rules of Naturalization, and Rules for Bankruptcies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Coin Money, Regulate value, fix standards of weights and measures (a pound is a pound)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Punish counterfeiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Establish Post Offices and post ROADs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Set up Patents and Copyrights<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Law and Order<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Set up Article III Courts under the Supreme Court<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Punish piracy and offenses of the high seas and against the Laws of Nations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Declare War (grant letters of marque and reprisal, make rules for captured men and property)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Raise Armies (but only fund the for two years at a time)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Create and maintain a Navy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Create Rules for the military<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Call forth (state) militias to execute federal laws, suppress insurrection, repel invasion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Organizing the militia \u2013 pay for using the state militia for federal purposes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">States appoint the officers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Training and discipline \u201cprescribed by Congress\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Federal District<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Set up a Federal District (the Capitol)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Exercise authority over other Federal areas (Forts, Dock yards, Arsenals,&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elastic Clause (necessary and proper)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u201cTo make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States or in any Department or Officer thereof.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Article I<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The House \u2013&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">two year term<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">25 years old<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">US citizen for 7 years<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">live in the state<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">direct election by the people<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Specific power over the purse \u2013 money bill must start here<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">The Senate&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">six year term,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">30 years old,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">9 year citizen,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">inhabitant of state<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">chosen by state legislature (17<sup>th<\/sup>&nbsp;Amendment)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Specific power over foreign treaties, Presidential advisors and appointments, Co-Equal \u2013 but with different powers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Must agree with each other in detail to \u201cpass a law\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What States Cannot Do<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">No treaties, alliances or confederation (US Civil War??)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Grant letters of marque or reprisal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Coin money or bills of credit<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Make anything other than gold or silver as legal tender<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">No bill of attainders or ex post facto laws<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">No titles of nobility (What about Kentucky Colonels or Ohio Commodores)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">No imposts or excises on exports or imports<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Keep troops or ships in time of peace<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Make alliances or contracts with other states or foreign power to wage war<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(still allowed for state militias)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Article II Powers \u2013 the President<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">THE EXECUTIVE POWER \u2013 THE POWER TO EXECUTE THE POWERS OF THE UNITED STATES (as designated by the Congress \u2013 mostly)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Qualifications \u2013&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Natural Born US Citizen&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">14 Year US resident<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">35 years old<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">4 Year Term (limited to two terms (22<sup>nd<\/sup>&nbsp;Amendment)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Elections<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Electoral College \u2013 chosen originally by state legislature \u2013 today by state vote<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Electors = total number of House Members (435 today), Total Number of Senators (100 today) 3 for the District of Columbia (23<sup>rd<\/sup>&nbsp;Amendment)&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; total 538 \u2013 magic number 270<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">All but two states are winner-take-all \u2013 win Georgia by 10,000 \u2013 get all Georgia\u2019s votes\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Nebraska and Maine are winner-take all by Congressional District \u2013 state wide winner&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Gets the other \u201c2\u201d votes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">A Vice President is chosen the same way \u2013 must be eligible to be President<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Constitutional Powers of the President<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Commander in chief of the Army and Navy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">May require principal in executive departments to report opinions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Grant reprieves and pardons<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">With \u201cadvise and consent of Senate\u201d (might require 2\/3 of Senate, or a simple majority)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Make treaties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Appoint ambassadors, public ministers and consuls&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Heads of Departments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Judges to Supreme Court and lesser Federal Courts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">All other officers of the United States&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">(Congress can vest the power to appoint lesser officials in the President alone)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Fill vacancies in \u201cSenate confirmed\u201d offices while the Senate is in recess<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">So where does the President get \u201call the power\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">One person making a decision versus 535<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Congressionally delegated powers (tariffs)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Foreign Policy Powers \u2013 treaties<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Commander in Chief Powers &#8211; military<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">WHAT ABOUT IMPEACHMENT<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0High Crimes and Misdemeanors \u2013 high crimes generally equal felonies (from treason to corruption to personal felonious behavior<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0\u00a0Misdemeanors might be a crime \u2013 but might also include \u201ccivil\u201d crimes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Malfeasance\u00a0\u00a0&#8211; wrong doing or misconduct<ul><li>Misfeasance \u2013 performing a required act in a negligent manner<\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><ul><li>Nonfeasance\u00a0\u00a0\u2013 failure to act when action is required<\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><ul><li>\u00a0Incompetence \u2013 inability to do something successfully\u00a0conduct that damaged the state or subverted the government\u00a0<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Came from the British Parliamentary Definitions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Used for \u2013 inciting insurrection \u2013 Trump 2 (the \u201cpeaceful protest\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><ul><li>breaking Congressionally passed law (Johnson -Tenure of Office Act)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><ul><li>Used for \u2013 lying under oath (perjury \u2013 Clinton)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><ul><li>Used for \u2013 inappropriate personal behavior (Johnson- drinking, Clinton \u2013 who\u201cdid have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky\u201d)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><ul><li>Used for \u2013 abuse of power for personal gain\u2013 Trump 1 (the \u201cperfect call\u201d)<\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Final note \u2013 no President has been removed from Office \u2013 Nixon resigned to avoid impeachment (part of his deal with the House and Senate Democratic and Republican leaders)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Note two \u2013 The Ford pardon was not \u201cpart of the deal\u201d \u2013&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What about the \u201cUnitary Executive\u201d theory?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">A current theory which stands that the President acting as \u201cChief Executive\u201d puts him in direct command and control of every part of the executive department.&nbsp;&nbsp;It flies against the \u201cindependence\u201d of agencies like the Department of Justice, the National Institute of Health, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Reserve, the SEC and the like<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">What would Washington do?? \u2013 He was \u201cthe leader\u201d \u2013 but the leader against the King of England \u2013 so there\u2019s that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Article III \u2013 Judiciary<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Judges both on the Supreme Court and \u201cinferior Courts\u201d serve for life<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Jurisdiction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">All cases in law (statutory law)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">All cases of equity (civil cases)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Under the Constitution, Federal Law, Treaties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Federal Ministers, Ambassadors, Consuls<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">The United States is a party<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Between two or more states<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">A state and citizens of a different state<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Citizens of different states<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">Supreme Court &#8211; Original versus Appellate Jurisdiction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0Original \u2013 state v ambassador or other \u201cpublic consul&#8221;, \u00a0Cases where a state is a party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0Appellate \u2013 all other cases (statutory and civil) unless Congress makes an exception<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">All Criminal Trials are by jury \u2013 in the state where the crime is committed&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">What is vague?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Appellate Courts (District, Appellate, \u201cspecialty courts\u201d (FISA, Immigration, Tax)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Constitutional authority (not \u201cclarified\u201d until Marbury v Madison<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Supremacy of Federal over State Authority(not \u201cclarified\u201d until McCullough v Maryland)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">WHO ENFORCES THE SUPREME COURT\u2019S DECISIONS??????<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Number of Justices \u2013 established by Congress \u2013 ranged from 5 to 10, set at 9 in 1869<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(part of the Andrew Johnson v Congress \u2013 impeachment stuff)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0FDR \u2013 court packing \u2013 failed to pass (influenced the Court anyway)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Where our government came from. Declaration of Independence We all know \u2013 Jefferson\u2019s \u201cself-evident truths\u201d \u2013 life, liberty, pursuit of happiness (happiness included property and work) John Locke&nbsp;&nbsp;(late 1600\u2019s)-&nbsp;\u201call mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, liberty, or possessions.\u201d Adam Smith &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/dahlman.online\/index.php\/2025\/04\/03\/class-notes-4-3-25\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Class Notes 4\/13\/25&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Class Notes 4\/13\/25 : Our America - Essays on Politics and American Life<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dahlman.online\/index.php\/2025\/04\/03\/class-notes-4-3-25\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Class Notes 4\/13\/25 : Our America - Essays on Politics and American Life\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Where our government came from. 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